This has happened several times to several people here. The way I fixed it, or got around it, was the following:
Go to the top right of this forum and hover over your username. Click "Two-Step Verification". On "backup codes" click "manage" and use one to log in. This should let you log in successfully and it's probable that the next time you have to do two-step verification it will work the normal way. If it doesn't, just do this again.